Explorers essays

Explorers essays Colonial - Civil War History M-W 6:00 Within Europe in the 15th century thru the 17th century exploration became a prominent part of life. Several adventurers left to find a faster trade route to Asia. Many of the spices of Asia were very desirable along with luxury items such as, jewelry gems, and silk. Because of the find of the New World many explores ventured out across the Pacific Ocean, they became adamant with founding land and gaining wealth, and tortured people who got in their way. Christopher Columbus is probably one of the most famous explorers and is generally credited with the find of the New World. Columbus first tried to convince the king and queen of Portugal to give him funding, but they said no. In 1485, he asked King Fernando and Queen Isabella of Spain for funding and after six years, they said yes. Columbus got three ships on his first voyage. Their names were the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. He was given 90 men. He navigated by using the stars and compasses. He would drop a log into the water to measure the speed of the ship. Columbus eventually landed on an island, which he named San Salvador for Holy Savior. Columbus thought that he was in the West Indies. He called the people there Indians obviously because of his belief that he was located in the Indies. Columbus was looking for the gold and riches and the great cities of Asia, but he didn't find them. He was disappointed because there weren't any cities of gold. Another Spanish explorer was Hernando Cortes. Cortes fought under Governor Diego Velazquez in a Cuban expedition that began in 1511. In 1518, Velazquez selected him to lead an expedition to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, then a center of Maya civilization. Before Cortes could leave Cuba, Velazquez canceled the expedition, fearful of the voyage's expens e and distrustful of Cortes's ambition. Cortes disobeyed and sailed for Yucatan in 1519, ...

The Elizabethan Times essays

The Elizabethan Times essays Even though the past is the past there are multiple eras that changed things around the same period. The Elizabethan Era began in 1558 and lasted until 1603 well after Britains most honorable queen passed away. During this time period every aspect of life was considerably complex and in our eyes abnormal, such thing would consist of everything from currency to lifestyles and as every one knows religion. While the Britain was going through all of these dramatic changes the most influential poet/play writer was born, William Shakespeare. Shakespeare contributed to in the evolution and growth of England like your couldnt imagine. In his 40 some years of literary creativity, Shakespeare was solely responsible for the creation of numerous life-altering plays such as Romeo most importantly because of Shakespeares involvement in play writing, Theatre flourished during the Elizabethan Era. A change theatres as well as culture were dramatic occurrences in the Queens era and thanks to the anc ient Britishs mind boggling customs we are what we are today. Queen Elizabeth I inherited the throne in 1558 at a youthful age of twenty-five. With her reign the English Renaissance lasted from the day she took the throne to 1603 (The Elizabethan ERA, 2000-2003). During her fearless reign things such as literature, theater, and every form of the arts flourished. Probably most known to the educational world, the famous play writer William Shakespeare was born and expressed his love for literature. The Elizabethan Era was a period in time, which shaped and bolded the views and aspects of our present day lives. Even though during the Elizabethan Era a monarch such as Queen Elizabeth I reigned civilization began to become just a little more civilized. Religion was a thing that every one had in the Elizabethan Era. We were all brought up to be Christians of one sort or another (Secara, 2002). The...

Enrons Collapse and Ethical Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enrons Collapse and Ethical Framework - Essay Example This essay discusses the collapse of Enron company, that presented the social scientists, media and business professionals with several other ethical issues that are prevailing in the business world. The collapse of Enron meant that many employees who were working really hard would also lose their job. The investors or the owners of the company were faced with the ethical dilemma of whether to hold on to the stock and lose their money or to support the company for the sake of hardworking employees who had nothing to do with these frauds. The increase in power of auditors was another source of concern. The Laws that were legislated in response to the corporate failure were a fair attempt to institutionalize the ethical behavior. The harsh laws were implemented for executives trying to mislead using wrong or far-fetched financial figures. It also increased the terms jail sentences for executives that were found to have been involved in any abuse of their power. Auditors can now blackma il the accountants or people working in finance and abuse their power. This will lead to further problem for the companies and create further ethical issues. Both of these issues are related to truthfulness. The employees who are being fair in their work are losing their job despite being truthful and that is something iron. Similarly, auditors require to be truthful the shareholder and the committee that oversees their work. If they are loyal to them then no ethical issues will occur from the increase in power of auditors.

Research papers Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Papers - Research Paper Example The HRD helps in polishing up the performance of the employees by providing them expertise training, which contributes to the better performance of the organization. The main purpose of HRD is to enhance the organizational performance contributing in productivity of the company (Richard & Et. Al., 1996). HRD not only helps in enhancing the performance of the employee but also is important factor in the establishment of relationship among the existing HR policies (Richard & Et. Al., 1996). The mission of Mace Ford organization is to organize the people working together for the global automotive leadership, as one team involving customers, dealers, councils/unions, employees, investors, suppliers and community (Ford Motor Company, 2011). The HRD of the company follows many practices of human resource development processes such as 360 degree appraisal. The 360 degree appraisal helps to understand the employee needs more briefly because the approach tends to engage the employees directly. In 360 degree process, feedback is obtained providing the HRD a better way in operation. The HR practices adopted by Ford maximize the competencies, commitment and abilities of the organisation’s employees. HRD should provide the workers of the company with customer service training which focuses on customer satisfaction intended to increase the market share of the company. HRD mostly deals with people of an organization so as to improvise better performance from individual employees. Career development should be enlisted by HRD in the organization through the implication of functioning Internal Job Posting (IJP). These practices would result into customer service excellence, one of the main missions of the company. HRD should emphasize more on team effort, developing healthy and friendly work environment. HRD should provide training on recognizing the importance of customer needs and meeting them. Every

Plans and direct actions Essay Example for Free

Plans and direct actions Essay A church leader knows how to plan and direct actions to avoid any mistakes being made. He formulates and deploys plans to achieve objectives – he directs the work accordingly until it finishes. He creates different questions in his mind; for example, what to do, why to do it, when to do it, how to do it, who to do, and how to finish it. A church leader’s plans are simple, people who work as group members and other people who follow him understand his plans clearly. He forms teams and give them duties so that they can work with authority and responsibility. He makes rules that people accept to follow. The God wants a church leader to share His vision with his team members and people. A good church leader knows how to put the God given plan into practice. A church leader is the person who influences his team members and leads team members to carry out the agreed objectives, by following the example of the Christ. People under him follow his way of life; a church leader gets people to act on church and mission goals, and he also ministers the need of people. A Church leader humbly realizes that he needs Gods help and needs it in developing good plans that will work for others. These working plans then successfully meet the desired goals. A church leader does not build plans for other people to merely honor them, but he does it for the good of his people with everlasting results. UNCHANGED LOYALTY A church leader demonstrates loyalty that never changes. A church leader is faithful to his promises and duties. He never finds fault in his job; people respect him as a man of God living among them. A church leader gives his life to Gods mission and purpose and spends his entire life doing it. Loyalty being a leadership quality, a church leader is always loyal to God and his people. A church leader needs loyalty to start and grow a church or group. A loyal church leader is the base of a healthy church to grow and a key element for a church to produce other churches. A church leader influences others in his ministry through his loyalty to Jesus Christ as the Savior and Lord. A loyal church leader produces loyal members he starts and finishes his job with his team very well. A successful Christian leader is always keen and willing to work with a community or groups. He has a strong desire to develop community services together. USE OF GOD’S GIFTS God has gifted all people with different abilities and characteristics. Nowadays, this divine gift directs people to serve churches, as ushers, church school teachers, financial officers, directors of food pantries, youth leaders, and in so many other roles. It all starts with gifts, which can be utilized in a variety of ways. Gifts are given by the God to everyone. The God doesn’t limit the gifts to his people, so we shouldn’t limit leadership to others. The potential to lead by using gifts for enabling others in ministry does not requires intelligence, education, economic status, age, gender, or any other human distinction. â€Å"Children and youth, as well as adults, all are gifted. Women and men, boys and girls have all been gifted which they can use in leadership of a church. It does not mean, however, that everyone should be an administrator of a church†. Gifts are several and of different nature, the variety of these gifts is much greater than churches usually realize. There are many gifts beyond the gifts that are usually used in preaching, teaching, and committee work. If one is to use all God given gifts for his leadership within a church, he/she must discover that wide range of gifts, and welcome the spirit to employ them. It is not always an easy task for a human to identify gifts since gifts have strange way of hiding themselves, particularly from those people who hold them. God’s given gifts are so much a part of our personality that people not likely to think of them as gifts. For example, if a person is a good organizer, he must recognize this specialty and take it as a gift given by God. As God’s gifts are discovered by interacting with others. However, discovering gifts is not enough because many people use there gifts haphazardly, with no attention to their development. God’s given gift’s effectiveness can be significantly enhanced through intentional development of them. For example, if a person with natural painting ability can choose not to practice or take lessons and keep his ability as hobby and keeps his gift undefined from being fully utilized for service. The church leaders provide opportunities to people for training and development of Gods given gifts. They are intentional about using these gifts of children and youth in future leadership. The church leaders encourage their members to affirm and identify one another’s gifts. People discover and experiments their gifts in an atmosphere of acceptance provided by the church leader. A church leader expands his understanding in order to be comprehensive and not neglect people’s gifts.

The Automobile and the Environment :: Business and Management Studies

The Automobile and the Environment a) Negative externalities are impacts on 'outsiders' that are disadvantageous to them. The externalities occur where the actions of firms or individuals have an effect on the people other than themselves. In the case of negative externalities the external effects are costs on other people. They are also known as external costs. There may be external costs from both production and consumption. If these are added to the private costs we get the total social costs. An example of negative externalities would be the side effects of production processes e.g. the pollution (noise, dust, vibration) endured by people living next to a quarry. b) From looking at the data we can see that since 1974 the cost of public transport has increased quite rapidly relative to the base rate of 100 compared to the cost of motoring which has steadily decreased. Initially it was the real cost of motoring which increased but by 1975 it had started to decline and continued to do so until the late 1970's. It then increased quickly for a short period until 1982 ending up just above the base rate and remaining there until 1985. It then steadily declined up until 1994. Public transport on the other hand has been increasing since 1974. The real cost of rail travel has increased steadily with a few dips ending up in 1994 at just over 165. The real cost of bus travel has also increased over the 20 year period but more gradually with a sharp rise in 1988 followed by a fall in 1990 but then a final increase ending up in 1994 at just over 140. c) The fact that the cost of oil/petrol fell over the 20year period of 1974-1994 and the cost of public transport rose is why there is such a big gap between them. The cost increases and decreases could have happened for a number of reasons. The cost of petrol decreases when supply is greater than demand or when demand is low. Transport costs could have rose if the demand is too great for it or to increase revenue for councils/government. If public transport needs to be modernised/repaired than also putting the prices up enables extra revenue to spend on these things. d) The classic way to adjust for externalities is to tax those who create negative externalities. This is sometimes known as 'making the polluter pay.' The government needs to assess the cost to a society of a particular externality. It then sets tax rates on those externalities equal to the value of the externality. This increases costs to customers by shifting the supply curve to the left.

The Outsider’s

How would you like it if people considered you to be poor or rich? The outsiders is a novel of conflicts and is about two teen gangs that live on different sides and the country. Greaser's against socks in other words the poor against the rich. The book by S. E. Hilton and is about how the rich kids call the poor kid's socks and get beat up. Pony boy is a 14-year-old teen boy that is a sock and gets beat up quite a lot. Pony boy is really sensitive, intelligent and observant. â€Å"Pony boy reminds me of a house cat hat always know what's going on†.Body Paragraph 1 Throughout the novel pony boy is really observant because many different reasons that I will explain. He might not have that much common sense but he always knows what's around him and what's going on whatever the situation is. In the book his brothers say â€Å"he might lack a bit of common sense but he always knows what's happening†. This is really true it's like he keeps an extra eye somewhere and is one o f a kind. Also he is observant because in the book he says this mfou take up for your uddies, no matter what they do.When you're a gang, you stick up for the members. If you don't stick up for them, stick together, make like brothers, it isn't a gang anymore. It's a pack. A snarling, distrustful, bickering pack like the Socks in their social clubs or the street gangs in New York or the wolves in the timber. â€Å"(34) he is helping has brothers and the greasers and is observing and telling them before hand what they are. Body Paragraph 2 In the other hand pony boy is a really sensitive kid in this novel.When something oesn't go right has emotions well let loose and you will easily find out what kind mood he is really in. In the book it says â€Å"don't cry pony don't cry we'll be okay (75)†. Pony boy is in bed with soda and soda says remind about last night and pony starts tearing up and tells him to shut up. Another reason why I think he's sensitive is because in the book i t says â€Å"l wanted to cry, but Greasers don't cry in front of strangers. Some of us never cry at all. Like Dally and two-bit and Tim Shepard–they forgot how at an early age. 102) Pony was in the hospital and has throat was hurting and he was thinking of has brothers and was about to cry but kept it together because strangers where there. Body Paragraph 3 Finally pony is a really intelligent person you might think he's not but he sure is. In school he gets really good grades and is the best student from all the characters he excuses Darry tor getting bad grades and not doing g â€Å"He is always having a nose in a book. (13)† That's what Darry and has brothers say about pony boy in the novel would always read and loves doing it.Also he is a good writer to he gets put in the A class. Also his brothers say that he is really good in school and stuff but his street smarts aren't so good and don't really have any. Conclusion In conclusion pony boy is Just like house cat that always knows what's happening and might do something bad here and there. Overall pony boy is a good house cat that knows what to do most of the time. Finally remember it doesn't matter what people consider you poor or rich you are what you are and let people think what they think.

Gossamer Book Report

Gossamer Plot Gossamer begins with the protagonist, Littlest being taught how to give people dreams by her instructor Fastidious. Littlest’s childish and playful nature annoys Fastidious greatly. At their home, the Heap, Fastidious complains about her student to Most Ancient, who is the leader. Most Ancient and Fastidious decide that Thin Elderly will become Littlest’s mentor. Littlest is part of a small colony of dream-givers. Through touching, they gather fragments such as colors, words, sounds, and scents. They then combine the fragments to become dreams, and give the dreams to humans, and sometimes pets.The giving of dreams is called the bestowal. Thin Elderly explains to be gentle in the touching and not to touch too deeply, because a dream-giver who picks up bad fragments of a memory becomes a Sinisteed, a horse-like creature who inflicts nightmares. Thin Elderly gladly discovers that Littlest has the â€Å"gossamer touch†, the ability to gather and bestow gently. An elderly woman and her dog Toby live in the house Littlest and Thin Elderly are assigned to. The woman decides that she is going to take an eight-year-old boy named John into her household. The social workers describe him as â€Å"angry. Another dreamgiver, Strapping, is assinged to give dreams to the boys mother. She was an intelligent woman, but was forbidden to participate in social and intellectual events by Duane, her abusive ex husband. John was taken away from her because it was not a good environment for a child. When John arrives at the woman's home, he acts violent and angry. The woman acts kind and tries to be understanding. At the dream-givers' Heap, Most Ancient reports that the Sinisteeds are gathering, intent on a particular victim. That night, Littlest and Thin Elderly hear a Sinisteed enter through the walls of the house. It inflicts John with a nightmare.He cries out in his sleep, and the woman calms him by reminding him of a happy memory. after, Littles t and Thin Elderly gather comforting fragments to help strengthen him after the nightmare. During the day, john’s mother talks on the phone, asking to have a receptionist's job and salary. She tells the listener to tell her son that he will be back home soon; that she loved him; and that she dreamed of him last night. H That night, Littlest decides she must touch the dog, trying to get fragments from him. Thin Elderly protests, because they aren’t supposed to touch living creatures, but allows her to do so.Littlest notices how attatched John was to a pink seashell, to Toby, and to a chrysalis he had found.. She gathers fragments from Toby, and bestows them as part of a dream. Thin Elderly is proud of Littlest's bestowal, because John is happy in his dreams. Littlest explains that the fragments she collected had a bit of a story in each one, which she put together in her mind. Johns mother begins working a school. She reflects on how bad her old life was for her son, Jo hn, because of Duane. She has hope now of making friends, which Duane had not allowed her to do. Strapping is satisfied with his work.Strapping discovers he has a liking and a hope for the woman. Accordingly he gives her dreams of hope, and of a future with her son. John tells a story to the woman about a young boy who ate dog food, because he had been ordered to by his father, who had seen the boy run naked through the house and pee on the floor. The father had accused the son of acting like a dog, and gave him dog food for all his meals. The woman realizes that John is telling a story about himself, explaining his past abuse. T That night, Littlest and Thin Elderly discover that a Horde of Sinisteeds are going to give nightmares to John and the woman.They respond by bestowing strengthening dreams. They are nearly killed in the stampede of the Horde. That is the story's climax. John begins school, and has become a much happier child. Littlest is given a medal for her work. She is t old that she is to be reassigned. She wishes to remain assigned to John, whom she has come to love and cherish, but is told that dream-givers are not allowed to feel human emotions. Littlest One's experience with the boy has helped her grow more mature, and as a result she is given the name Gossamer and given a new dream-giver, New Littlest One, to train.

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature The basic principles of reinforcement are complex because Different people react differently to the same reinforcement, people are unable to repeat the desired behavior, and there are many potential reinforcers that must be considered Which of the following are guidelines for implementing behavior programs Consequences should be stated clearly, target behaviors must be defined in observable terms, behaviors should not be recorded In the study of a team of swimmers by Mckenzie and Rushall, An attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice and the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention Feedback can provide instructional information about The specific behaviors to be performed, the levels of proficiency to be achieved, and the performers current level of proficiency in the desired skills According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is not a measure to use to foster a mastery-oriented environment? Affiliation Which of the following statements are true? Every reward has both controlling and informational aspects to it, a negative coaching style (mostly critical in nature) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation, and rewarding for mere participation in a sport will typically undermine the participants intrinsic motivation The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that The type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation and the expected-reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) According to the results of Komaki and Barnetts study of a Pop Warner football team, The team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention A recent study (Amorose Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of Coaching behaviors What is not a dimension of flow? High levels of arousal What is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior? External regulation Ryans studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that Wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship and female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that Inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all 5 players Which of the following is not true of reinforcement? The consequences of behavior are not as important as ones personality In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that Athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than did athletes not on scholarship An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when The informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect Which of the following is not one of the psychological needs included in self-determination theory? Confidence According to McAuleys and Tammens study on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes, Subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation Backward chaining (as used by OBrien and Simek in their golf study) refers to Pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step Which of the following statements are true regarding flow? Most athletes feel flow is a controllable state, athletes can learn to get into a flow state, flow is related to improvements in psychological states Besides rewarding the outcome of a persons performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include Effort, emotional and social skills, and correct performance of the skill itself In a review of studies investigating the effects of performance feedback, it was found that performance increased approximately 50% Potential negative side effects of punishment include its Arousing a fear of failure, acting as a reinforcer, and hindering the learning of skills The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that Intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equals more motivation Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that Extrinsic rewards undermined intrinsic motivation Behavioral coaching, behavioral modification, and contigency management have in common the goal of Structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement According to Weinbergs study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting, Success produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than does failure and males exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after success than after failure Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent Of equal ability Which of the following factors have been identified in preventing flow from occurring? Inappropriate focus, lack of confidence, and motivation to perform Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athletes sense of competence is an example of The informational aspect of reward Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is For mere participation, not tied to the quality of ones performance, and controlling in nature Which of the following statements are true? The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback and getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback Most coaches approach reinforcement and punishment by A combination of positive reinforcement and punishment Shaping occurs when Rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response Which of the following are factors deemed important to achieving flow? Confidence, maintaining appropriate focus, and optimal environmental conditions Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martenss definition of the objective competitive situation? A runner competing in a 100-yard dash and a swimmer working out with his coach watching him Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often used game is Prisoners Dilemma The key part of Martenss definition of competition is Social Comparison In Kelley and Stahelskis study using the prisoners dilemma game, they found that Competitors drew cooperators into competition Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire? Fear-of-Failure Orientation Which of the following statements is (are) true? Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport. In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first Created strong group identity Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation People are born either competitive or cooperative. Coakley defines competition as A social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true? Males score higher than females on win orientation; Females score higher than males on goal orientation; Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation. Team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games? Cooperative MeansCompetitive Ends Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment? Extrinsic Rewards Emphasized According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport? Personal involvement in the action is maximized; It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships; Teams are relatively even. Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martenss model of competition? Social Comparison In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that Kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group and games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns Deutschs study on competition and cooperation found that Communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions; students receiving competitive instructions exhibited closed communication and mistrust; students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information Coakley defines cooperation as A social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games? They require little equipment or money; They emphasize participation by all players; Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them. Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations? During work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem solving The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by Triplett One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of The subjective competitive situation Which of the following is (are) true? Competitors cause cooperators to compete. In Aschs experiment of line-comparison judgments, _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm. 1/3 One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on The coachs manner in communicating her views to the athletes and the degree of compatibility between the coachs and athletes skill assessments of the athlete Social loafing is increased under which of the following conditions? A comparison against group standards is not possible Team climate can be defined as A representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members The results of a study by Ingham et al. (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to a decrease in motivation In the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is (are) a stage of group development? Orientation; differentiation and conflict; resolution and cohesion According to Christian Buys, there are several negative aspects of group formation. These negative aspects include Conformity; Social Loafing; Deindividuation The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the Ringlemann Effect Which of the following is (are) true? Pendular models emphasize shifts in interpersonal relationships during growth of groups and Life cycle models emphasize the birth and death of groups. Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing? increasing identifiability and breaking down the team into smaller units Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following? Recovery from injury; Coping with stress; Team cohesion Role acceptance depends on autonomy; feedback and role recognition; role significance If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of Group Norms Team building is considered part of which stage of team development? Forming Which of the following is not a key defining characteristic of a group? Having individual goals One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to Enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples Which of the following is (are) part of the norming stage? role acceptance; increase in cooperation and solidarity; conflict resolution A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a Norm Which of the following can facilitate team transition when an athlete disengages from a team? clarifying role differentiations and increasing an individuals awareness of disengagement Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate? Proximity Formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization and include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues? Autocratic Leadership Style Which of the following statements about cohesion is (are) true? Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion and More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high. Using the Group Environmental Questionnaire, research has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following? reduced absenteeism; increased member satisfaction; attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes The number of athletes holding scholarships and the eligibility requirements are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Environmental Factors Which of the following statements about building cohesion is (are) true? Set goals that are easy to accomplish to keep up spirit and Encourage team identity. From an athlete perspective, to help build team cohesion you should give teammates positive reinforcement and be responsible for yourself Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together (cohesion) when they stepped between the lines. This belief in one another is known as Collective Efficacy Which of the following statements is (are) true? There is a positive relationship between task cohesion and performance. Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Personal Factors Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance? Circular Which of the following statements is true? The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for interactive sports. Which of the following tips can build team cohesion? Develop pride within subunits and Avoid excessive turnover. Which of the following is NOT a construct identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire? Group Attraction-Environmental According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion i Individual Satisfaction A sociogram is An illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed? Involve all team members in establishing goals; Set specific and challenging goals; Reward progress toward team goals. Which of the following was (were) found to be a barrier to cohesion? Members struggling for power According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley, cohesion is seen to be Instrumental Which of the following sports requires the highest level of task cohesion? Basketball and Ice Hockey Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are more likely to attend more classes and more resistant to group disruption The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include attraction to the group; unity of purpose; quality of teamwork What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System? Reactive and Spontaneous Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior? Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do Which of the following statements is (are) true? Athletes high on internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that Coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive According to Fiedlers contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation? Moderately Favorable When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using? Autocratic-Consultative According to the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among 3 types of leadership behavior Regardless of age, athletes preferred coaches who Gave positive feedback and gave technical instruction The study using interviews of elite gymnastic coaches (Cote, Salmela, Russell) showed that expert coaches most often exhibited which of the following behaviors? Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score High on both consideration and initiating structure Which of the following is (are) a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smolls research? maintain clear expectations; reinforce effort as much as results; give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake The two major categories of behavior found using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are Consideration and Initiating Structure The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? social support; democratic; autocratic Great leaders are made, not born. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Behavioral In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches are appointed In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often used coaching behavior was Verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it Great leaders are born, not made. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Trait Fiedlers research has identified which two types of leadership styles? Relationship Oriented and Task Oriented Which of the following results from Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors is (are) true? Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership? Trust The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is The behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals Supportive listening behaviors are empathetic and remain open to new ideas Intrapersonal communication is communication with yourself Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with empathy? Make sure the other person understands your point of view What percentage of the time during communication is spent listening? 40% When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with the other person Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with consistency? Show more compassion in competition than in practices Which of the following general guidelines is (are) helpful to follow when facing confrontations? understand and be tentative Which of the following things should you NOT do during a confrontation? stop communicating; communicate the solution; rely on nonverbal cues to communicate After taking Sullivans communication training, athletes had the following reactions to the workshop: it helps to know the goals of my teammates and it is scary to open up, but this makes things easier The sandwich approach consists of which of the following elements? a positive statement and future-oriented instructions Proxemics is the study of how we communicate by the way we use space Supportive language has which of the following characteristics? Descriptive Breakdowns in communication can occur because the receiver fails to listen; the receiver misinterprets the message;the messages are inconsistent Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice the following communication skills not interrupt others when they are speaking and confront issues right away Which of the following is NOT a type of communication? Introspective Communication Which of the following is NOT an element of communication? Paraphrasing the message Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner? Try to attack the persons character to make your point Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following? Maintaining eye contact Which of the following is (are) NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings? What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting

Homelessness in America

Homelessness in America Free Online Research Papers Homelessness in America S.L. Smith Homelessness in America is a serious problem. I believe that our government does not take this problem as serious as it should. When I moved to Florida 15 years ago I noticed a few homeless people here and there. It is an every day occurrence for me now on my way to work. There should be more funding for these people to live like the rest of us. It irritates me to see all of the money that we supply the space program with and we have homeless and starving people here on Earth. I think that most people are appalled by the sight of homeless and ignore them. It seems to me that most people think that being homeless is the homeless persons fault. Recently, I noticed two men sitting on a curb holding sign saying that they would work for food. I stopped at a fast food restaurant and bought them something to eat. I don’t have any work to give them, but offered them some advice as to where the local social service office was. In my conversation with them I learned that the help that they could receive was limited as they lived in the woods and had no legal address. I was also informed that there was a very small list of homeless shelters and that they were at capacity. It seems so wrong that these people have to live this way. According to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, there were 754,000 homeless people across America and for almost half of these people there were not enough beds to go around. Of these homeless people, nearly h alf were single adult men. Eitzen, D.S., Zinn, M.B., Smith, K. E. (2009). Social Problems (11th Edition). United States: Pearson Education. For the homeless, the consequences are many. Most of the homeless do not have jobs, although a study in 2007 performed by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that 17.4% of homeless adults in families were employed while 13% of homeless single adults or unaccompanied youth were employed. National Coalition for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html Without employment people go without food and medicine. Although there are some programs in place to help with these issues, it is hard for them to receive help without a valid address. Homeless children experience many health difficulties. Nine million children in the United States don’t have health insurance. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2007). Health Insurance Coverage. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from census.gov Children without insurance, compared with children who do, are more likely to go without proper medical attention when needed and are more likely to go without much needed prescriptions. I think that our government should come up with some type of bill that makes sure that every person in the United States has some type of health coverage. The easier it is for people to get medical attention the healthier we are as a society and the stronger some may be to work and pay rent. Along with that, I think it is necessary for our government to make sure that there is affordable housing all over for the poorest of people and some sort of financial assistance to help them get on their feet. In some states General Assistance is available for the poorest of single people, but it has been cut from several states because of cut backs our government has made despite the evidence that receiving General Assistance reduces homelessness. National Coalit ion for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html I think it is wrong to cut this when so many people need it. Our government officials are the ones holding the bag of money, so to speak, so I think that they should find a solution to this ever growing problem. If I were to try to solve this problem, I would first cut some programs out of the budget or at least put them on hold for a few years so the problem of homelessness could be taken better care of. I would first try to figure out a way to make sure that there were enough shelters and half way houses for these people coming off the streets. I think that I would try to figure out a way to teach these people how to take care of themselves and be productive in society if they needed a little bit of guidance. The General Assistance grant would have to be available in every state. I think that this is so important for people that have no other means of supporting themselves, until they get back on their feet. Our government helps people coming from other countries coming here to live, and I think that it should help the ones that already live here. Since I started this research paper, I have talked to several people in my circle of friends about the topic. I think that it is interesting that we all feel very compassionate about getting these people help, but don’t know exactly what to do and how to go about it. Sure, a soup kitchen here and there is great. And donating money to charity to help the homeless is a start, but we all agree that there has to be more government involvement. As stated by my friend, Debbie, â€Å"We are so quick to tell other countries how to run their governments and how to treat their citizens. In the past, we have sent so much money to other countries to help them rebuild and take care of their homeless, displaced citizens. What we should be doing is cleaning up our own back yard and minding to our own citizens†. In my opinion, I could have not said it better. References Eitzen, D.S., Zinn, M.B., Smith, K.E. (2009). Social Problems (11th Edition). United States: Pearson Education National Coalition for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16,2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2007). Health Insurance Coverage. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from census.gov Research Papers on Homelessness in AmericaTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Marketing of financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing of financial services - Essay Example Reduction in the incidence of interest rate clustering, however, is not very costly. Hence, Ashton and Hudson implied that the more na've customers should take a more active stance in their finances - be more involved as "[t]he degree of price or interest rate clustering appears to be exaggerate when low levels of financial involvement are concerned" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1402). Citibank offers several savings and investment products, whether local currency denominated or foreign currency denominated, to its clientele. These savings and investments products are offered with range of interest rates. A look at the bank's Web page on its savings and investments products shows that its US Dollar Reward Saver is marketed as giving 2.50 per cent gross per annum rate which is much higher than the account's actual annual equivalent rate or AER of 2.02 per cent. Although both rates were published in the Web page, a na've customer - whose interest or whose lack of "ability to process information" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1393) is the one being exploited - would immediately zero in on the "earn up to 2.50% gross p.a. fixed for 6 months" (Citibank 2008) and ignore the subsequent "2.02% AER on your US Dollars in the UK2.50 per cent gross" (Citibank 2008). Clearly, in this example, the bank is playing in a very broad context of marketing ethics. Another example is the bank's Reward Saver Issue 2 product which is being offered at a gross per annum interest rate of 6.35 per cent while in reality, the customer will actually be getting an interest rate closer to 5.08 per cent which is the AER. Even the AER is structured in a way to maximise or to exploit the na've's customer's tendency to round up - in here, the na've customer would think that 5.08 per cent is substantially higher than 5 per cent. An example which provides proof to Ashton and Hudson's conclusion on the rounding - "If the number is not already a round number an individual would round a number to the closest reference number" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1394) - is the bank's net interest rate per annum for its 60 day direct savings account. The bank gives 2.48 per cent for accounts with more than '75,000. A customer with the characteristics described by Ashton and Hudson will immediately round this rate off to 2.5 per cent. The 0.02 per cent difference from the rounding off can be translated to '15 every year for a '75,000 account! Ashton and Hudson observed that for mortgage rates, the interest rate clustering "occurs very frequently just below round numbers giving strong evidence for the common use of na've number processing strategies" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1401). Unfortunately, for Citibank United Kingdom (and even for HSBC UK) I could not obtain interest rates for their mortgage products, hence I applied the findings of the research to the bank's credit card rates. For its Citi Platinum MasterCard, Citibank charges 5.8 per cent for balance transfers and an APR of 16.9 per cent which are examples of the observation made by Ashton and Hudson - clustering just below round numbers. This can also be observed in the bank's Citi AAdavatage

The Risks of Sports Doping on Weight Lifters Research Paper

The Risks of Sports Doping on Weight Lifters - Research Paper Example However, doping is rampant some athletes have taken upon themselves and their managers to deceive the doping tests and have a competitive advantage over other athletes. Despite testing being done without advance notification and having a long list of banned substances, cheating by athletes has been rampant and more effective than in the past. It is with the understanding of the rampant cases of doping in sports that this study aims at understanding the risks of sports doping on weightlifters (Saugy et al., January 01, 1996). According to Thieme and Hemmersbach (2010), doping as a word first mentioned in the English dictionary in 1889 despite the attempts at enhancing performance by athletes have been a much older activity. Doping has its origins 5,000 years in China when the use of Ma Huang (an extract from the Ephedra plant) was used to suppress coughing and stimulate circulation (Thieme & Hemmersbach, 2010). Further, eating of testicles was recommended by Indian Physician Sutruta and used by the Huns around 300 BC, hallucinogenic mushrooms in 3 BC show the development of doping in sports. Strong stimulants like cocaine, alcohol, caffeine, and strychnine would later be used by cycles and other athletes to promote endurance (Baron et al., January 01, 2007). Mariani wine that would lead to the conferring of a gold medal to Vin Mariani was also used widely but was banned by Germany in 1920. Start of human tests to reduce athlete doping revealed numerous cases of doping and the start of banning by The Inter national Athletic Federation (IAAF).